mirror of
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1007 lines
30 KiB
HTML
1007 lines
30 KiB
HTML
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en-US">
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<head>
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<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
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<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
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<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, viewport-fit=cover">
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<meta name="pinterest" content="nopin" />
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<meta name="pinterest" content="nohover" />
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<meta name="3778517eb4810dfb5d143ed8f1b359b3b5a82923" content="0f56257c3db4a222e91b11bc6871c4df2e263b28" />
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://groups.io/img/org.1/favicons/apple-icon-57x57.png">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://groups.io/img/org.1/favicons/apple-icon-60x60.png">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://groups.io/img/org.1/favicons/apple-icon-72x72.png">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://groups.io/img/org.1/favicons/apple-icon-76x76.png">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://groups.io/img/org.1/favicons/apple-icon-114x114.png">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://groups.io/img/org.1/favicons/apple-icon-120x120.png">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://groups.io/img/org.1/favicons/apple-icon-144x144.png">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://groups.io/img/org.1/favicons/apple-icon-152x152.png">
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<link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://groups.io/img/org.1/favicons/apple-icon-180x180.png">
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<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="../../../img/org.1/favicons/android-icon-192x192.png">
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<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="../../../img/org.1/favicons/favicon-32x32.png">
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<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="../../../img/org.1/favicons/favicon-96x96.png">
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<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="../../../img/org.1/favicons/favicon-16x16.png">
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<link rel="manifest" href="../../../img/org.1/favicons/manifest.json">
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<meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff">
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<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/ms-icon-144x144.png">
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<script>
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/* stubs */
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const hapticsImpactHeavy = async () => {
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};
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const hapticsImpactMedium = async () => {
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};
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const hapticsImpactLight = async () => {
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};
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const hapticsVibrate = async () => {
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};
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const hapticsSelectionStart = async () => {
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};
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const hapticsSelectionChanged = async () => {
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};
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const hapticsSelectionEnd = async () => {
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};
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</script>
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<script>
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function setPullToRefresh() {}
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function gotoURL(inurl) {
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window.location.href = inurl;
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return;
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}
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function contentLoaded(isHTMX, f) {
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console.log("contentLoaded: " + isHTMX);
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if (isHTMX == true) {
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document.body.addEventListener('htmx:afterSettle', f, {once: true});
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} else {
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if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {
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console.log('document is already ready, just execute code here');
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f();
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} else {
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console.log('document was not ready, place code here');
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document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', f, {once: true});
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}
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}
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}
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// stub
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function logError(data, url, linenumber) {
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console.log(data)
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return;
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}
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var pushSubToken;
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var ignoreErrors = false;
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var lastError = "";
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window.onerror = function(errorMessage, errorUrl, errorLine, errorColumn, errorObj) {
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let column;
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let stack;
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if (console && console.log) {
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console.log("msg:", errorMessage);
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console.log("url:", errorUrl);
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console.log("line:", errorLine);
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if (errorColumn !== undefined && errorObj != null) {
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console.log("column:", errorColumn);
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column = errorColumn;
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}
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if (errorObj !== undefined && errorObj != null) {
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console.log("stack:", errorObj.stack);
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stack = errorObj.stack;
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}
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console.log("client_id:", "web.web08.20700464.1698193521509549570");
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console.log("last_error:", lastError);
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}
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if (errorUrl == "" || errorUrl === null) {
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errorUrl = window.location.href;
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}
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if (errorMessage.includes("SecurityError:") == true) {
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ignoreErrors = true;
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}
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if (ignoreErrors == true) {
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console.log("cookies, disabled, ignoring");
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lastError = errorMessage;
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return;
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}
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jQuery.ajax({
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type: 'POST',
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url: '/jsclienterror',
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data: {
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msg: errorMessage,
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url: errorUrl,
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line: errorLine,
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column: column,
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stack: stack,
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last_error: lastError,
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client_id: "web.web08.20700464.1698193521509549570"
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},
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success: function() {
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if (console && console.log) {
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console.log('JS error report successful.');
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}
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lastError = errorMessage;
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},
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error: function() {
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if (console && console.error) {
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console.error('JS error report submission failed!');
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}
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lastError = errorMessage;
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}
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});
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return true;
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}
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</script>
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<script src="../../../tinymce-4.7.13/tinymce.min.js"></script>
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<script src="../../../js/browser-image-compression-2.0.2.min.js"></script>
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<link href="../../../css/application-43481736bb7c3b3b15551fb9041196b6.css" rel="stylesheet" id="groupsio-css">
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<script src="../../../js/application-512d6dec6217cbf3f29d34d006f298ce.js" id="groupsio-js"></script>
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<script src="../../../js/run_prettify.js"></script>
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<title>
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MTFHRT@groups.io | Wiki
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</title>
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</head>
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<body class="fuelux" hx-headers='{"Accept-Version": "bca53f62b04d8130be4853bc19628f0f562b29a8"}' hx-ext="preload">
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<div class="navbar navbar-head" role="navigation" id="headerbar">
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<div class="container-fluid" style="padding-left:0px;">
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<a href="https://groups.io" class="navbar-left">
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<img src="../../../img/org.1/mainlogo.png" height="50" alt="Groups.io">
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</a>
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<ul class="nav navbar-nav hidden-xs">
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/search?p=SubsCount,,,20,2,0,0">
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<i class="fa fa-search"></i>
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Find or Create a Group
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul class="nav navbar-nav pull-right visible-xs" style="margin-top:5px;margin-bottom:5px;">
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<li>
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<a href="34293.html#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#mobileAccount">
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<i class="fa-fw fa fa-bars fa-lg"></i>
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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<ul class="nav navbar-nav pull-right hidden-xs">
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<li class="dropdown">
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<a href="34293.html#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
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<i class="fa-fw fa-regular fa-globe"></i>
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EN
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<b class="caret"></b>
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu">
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/unsetlang">
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EN
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/setlang/de">
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DE
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/setlang/es">
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ES
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/setlang/fr">
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FR
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/setlang/it">
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IT
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/setlang/uk">
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UK
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/helpcenter" target="_blank">
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<i class="fa-fw fa fa-info-circle"></i>
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Help
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/login">
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<i class="fa fa-sign-in-alt"></i>
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Log In
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/register">
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<i class="fa fa-user"></i>
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Sign Up
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="modal fade" id="mobileAccount" role="dialog">
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<div class="modal-dialog" style="margin-top:50px;">
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<div class="modal-content">
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<div class="modal-body">
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<ul class="list-group noborderlist">
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<li class="noborderitem list-group-item">
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<a href="https://groups.io/login">
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<i class="fa fa-sign-in-alt"></i>
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Log In
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="noborderitem list-group-item">
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<a href="https://groups.io/register">
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<i class="fa fa-user"></i>
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Sign Up
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="noborderitem list-group-item">
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<a href="https://groups.io/helpcenter" target="_blank">
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<i class="fa-fw fa fa-info-circle"></i>
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Help
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</a>
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</li>
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<li class="dropdown noborderitem list-group-item">
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<a href="34293.html#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">
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<i class="fa-fw fa-regular fa-globe"></i>
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EN
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<b class="caret"></b>
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</a>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu">
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/unsetlang">
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EN
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/setlang/de">
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DE
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/setlang/es">
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ES
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/setlang/fr">
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FR
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/setlang/it">
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IT
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</a>
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</li>
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<li>
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<a href="https://groups.io/setlang/uk">
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UK
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</a>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="content" class="container-fluid">
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<script>
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// submitEvent acts like .submit(), except it is compatible with the app, by using events instead.
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function submitEvent(ele) {
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console.log("in submitEvent");
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const theEvent = new CustomEvent('submit', {
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bubbles: true,
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cancelable: true
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});
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if (typeof ele === 'string' || ele instanceof String) {
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if (ele.startsWith("#") == true) {
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ele = ele.slice(1);
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}
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if (document.getElementById(ele).dispatchEvent(theEvent) == true) {
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// if not cancelled, do normal submit
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console.log("calling submit");
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document.getElementById(ele).submit();
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}
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return;
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}
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// assume ele is the element
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if (ele.dispatchEvent(theEvent) == true) {
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// if not cancelled, do normal submit
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console.log("calling submit");
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ele.submit();
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}
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}
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// gioDestroy is a convenience function for destroy callbacks
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function gioDestroy(eventCB) {
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document.body.addEventListener("htmx:beforeSwap", eventCB, {
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once: true
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});
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}
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document.body.addEventListener('htmx:beforeSwap', function(evt) {
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drawer = document.getElementById('drawer-name');
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if (drawer != null) {
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drawerObj.closeDrawer(drawer);
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}
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});
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</script>
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<div id="mainrow" class="row">
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<div class="col-md-3 col-lg-2 hidden-xs hidden-sm">
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<div class="list-group noborderlist">
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<a title="Group Home" href="https://groups.io/g/MTFHRT" class="noborderitem list-group-item sidebar-item">
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<i class="fa-fw fa fa-home fa-lg"></i>
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Home
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</a>
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<a title="Messages" href="https://groups.io/g/MTFHRT/topics" hx-get-disable="https://groups.io/g/MTFHRT/topics" preload hx-target="#maincontent-refresh" hx-push-url="true"
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id="sidebar-archives" class="noborderitem list-group-item sidebar-item sidebar-archives">
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<i class="fa-fw fa fa-comments fa-lg"></i>
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Messages
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</a>
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<a title="Hashtags" href="https://groups.io/g/MTFHRT/hashtags" hx-get-disable="https://groups.io/g/MTFHRT/hashtags" preload hx-target="#maincontent-refresh" hx-push-url="true"
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id="sidebar-hashtags" class="noborderitem list-group-item sidebar-item sidebar-hashtags">
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<i class="fa-fw fa fa-hashtag fa-lg"></i>
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Hashtags
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</a>
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<a title="Wiki" href="https://groups.io/g/MTFHRT/wiki" hx-get-disable="https://groups.io/g/MTFHRT/wiki" preload hx-target="#maincontent-refresh" hx-push-url="true"
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id="sidebar-wiki" class="noborderitem list-group-item sidebar-item sidebar-wiki active">
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<i class="fa-fw fa fa-book fa-lg"></i>
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Wiki
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</a>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div id="maincontent" class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12 col-md-9 col-lg-10">
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<div id="maincontent-refresh">
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<div id="alertdiv"></div>
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<div class="noticetemplate template">
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<div class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible" role="alert">
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<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close">
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<span aria-hidden="true">
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×
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</span>
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</button>
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<span id="msg"></span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="alerttemplate template">
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<div class="alert alert-danger alert-dismissible" role="alert">
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<button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close">
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<span aria-hidden="true">
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×
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</span>
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</button>
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<span id="msg"></span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="alertnoclosetemplate template">
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<div class="alert alert-danger" role="alert">
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<span id="msg"></span>
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</div>
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</div>
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<script>
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function dismiss() {
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console.log("dismiss");
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$.get( "/dismissalert");
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}
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var $alerttemplate = $(".alerttemplate");
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var $alertnoclosetemplate = $(".alertnoclosetemplate");
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var $noticetemplate = $(".noticetemplate");
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function createAlert(msg, isError, autoClose, noClose) {
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if (isError == false) {
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$newPanel = $noticetemplate.clone();
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} else {
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if (noClose) {
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$newPanel = $alertnoclosetemplate.clone();
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} else {
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$newPanel = $alerttemplate.clone();
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}
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}
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$newPanel.find("#msg").html(msg);
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if (autoClose == true) {
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$("#alertdiv").append($newPanel.fadeTo(2000, 500).slideUp(500, function(){
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$newPanel.slideUp(500);
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$newPanel.remove();
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}));
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} else {
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$("#alertdiv").append($newPanel.fadeIn());
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}
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return $newPanel;
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}
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</script>
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<form class="form-inline pull-right hidden-xs" method="get" action="https://groups.io/g/MTFHRT/wikisearch">
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<div class="input-group">
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<input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="Search" title="Search" name="q" size="20">
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<div class="input-group-btn">
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<button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">
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<span class="fa fa-search"></span>
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</button>
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<p>An article on pharmaceutical engineering says: <span style="background-color: #ff99cc;">Direct steam contact with the surface of the object to be sterilized is required for the steam to transfer its stored energy to the object. Without direct steam contact to all surfaces, the item will not be sterilized. The amount of energy stored in steam is much higher than dry air or water at the same temperature. From the saturated steam table mentioned above, one can see that it takes 419 kJ/kg (180 Btu/lb) to heat water from 0°C to 100°C (32°F to 212°F). This is the enthalpy of water (hl). It takes an additional 2,257 kJ/kg (970 Btu/lb) to create steam at atmospheric pressure (100°C or 212°F). This additional energy stored in the steam is the enthalpy of vaporization (he), and is the key to steam sterilization. In order for the steam to transfer its stored energy, it must condense on the surface of the object being sterilized.</span></p>
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<p>The energy that article talks about is thermal energy. If you pour dry powder into a vial, seal the stopper and heat the vial, the heat is conducted from the glass into the powder quite slowly because heat conduction in unmoving dry powder (with air between particles) is slow. After half hour heating, part of the powder remains relatively cold, unsterilized. The sterilization time begins when everything is heated enough - it's why the talk about "energy transfer".</p>
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<p>Thermal energy can be transferred by condensation of steam (as explained in the quote above) or by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer#Mechanisms" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">conduction, radiation or convection</span></a>. Conduction is indeed quite slow. Convection of dry air transfers thermal energy not enough fast. However, the author of that article talks about a "steam autoclave" implying that the water boiling in one part of the autoclave is not in direct contact with the items intended to be sterilized. If a vial is submerged in boiling water, convection in boiling water transfers thermal energy into the vial very, very much faster. If the vial contains a solution instead of a dry powder, the solution inside the vial also convects, the thermal energy is quickly transferred to every part of the solution, so if you submerge the vial in water boiling in a 15 PSI (or 100 kPa) pressure cooker then entire solution in the vial is quickly heated to 121°C.</p>
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<p>The <a href="https://www.amazon.com/EustomA-Autoclave-Temperature-Pressure-Equipment/dp/B09CPSFMXZ/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">XFS-260</span></a> autoclave I use is similar to a pressure cooker, but has two bowls. The inner bowl is made of thin stainless steel. I pour water into the outer bowl up to slightly above the bottom of the inner bowl, and pour water into the inner bowl too. So, vials are submerged in water boiling at 129°C (under pressure 24 PSI). Thermal energy is quickly transferred by convection into every part of the solution inside the vials.</p>
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<p>Officially 121°C for <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://www.pharmacy180.com/article/sterilization-considerations--656/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">8 minutes</a></span> is enough. 30 min is overkill and to be sure that the temperature 121°C is reached inside the vial too. For 100°C the <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070203042243/http://www.cip.ukcentre.com/fo.htm" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener">theory</a></span> says longer time is required, but the heat-resistant pathogenic bacteria (tetanus, botulism) are anaerobic, oxygen containing in the air inside the vial is a poison for them.</p>
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